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History
Soil Types
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Alfisols: Low to moderate elevations in humid subtropical, humid continental, and Mediterranean climates. They are likely to be deposited by rivers.
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Andisols: Various elevations, often highlands, in marine west coast, humid subtropical, and tropical rainforest climates.
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Aridisols: Various elevations, often lowland deserts, in hot and cold desert climates.
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Entisols: Various elevations, from floodplains to mountains, in a wide range of climates. They are likely to be deposited by rivers.
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Gelisols: Low to moderate elevations in tundra and ice cap climates.
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Histosols: Lowland areas in wetlands within humid continental and marine west coast climates.
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Inceptisols: Various elevations, from floodplains to mountains, in a wide range of climates. They are likely to be deposited by rivers.
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Mollisols: Low to moderate elevations in cold semi-arid and humid continental climates. They are likely to be deposited by rivers.
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Oxisols: Various elevations, often in tropical lowlands, in tropical rainforest and tropical savanna climates.
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Spodosols: Low to moderate elevations in subarctic and humid continental climates.
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Ultisols: Various elevations, often in hilly or upland areas, in humid subtropical and tropical rainforest climates.
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Vertisols: Various elevations, often in flat or gently sloping areas, in semi-arid steppe and humid subtropical climates.
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Shield Volcanoes: Broad, gentle slopes; formed by low-viscosity basaltic lava; non-explosive eruptions.
- Common Locations: Hot spots (e.g., Hawaiian Islands), divergent plate boundaries (e.g., Iceland).
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Stratovolcanoes: Steep, conical; formed by alternating layers of lava and volcanic debris; explosive eruptions.
- Common Locations: Convergent plate boundaries (e.g., Pacific Ring of Fire), volcanic arcs.
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Cinder Cone Volcanoes: Small, steep slopes; formed by volcanic debris; short-lived and moderately explosive.
- Common Locations: Flanks of larger volcanoes, rift zones, volcanic fields.
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Lava Domes: Steep-sided, dome-like; formed by highly viscous lava; potential for explosive activity.
- Common Locations: Volcanic arcs, continental volcanic regions, associated with stratovolcanoes and caldera complexes.